IP ADDRESS CLASSES

IP addresses were originally organized into classes. The address class determined the potential size of the network.

The class of an address specified which of the bits were used to identify the network, the network ID, or which bits were used to identify the host ID, host computer. It also defined the total number of hosts subnets per network. There were five classes of IP addresses: classes A through E.

Classful addressing is no longer in common usage and has now been replaced with classless addressing. Any netmask can now be assigned to any IP address range.

Network and Host ID Fields

The four octets that make up an IP address are conventionally represented by a, b, c, and d respectively. The following table shows how the octets are distributed in classes A, B, and C.

Class IP Address Network ID Host ID
A a.b.c.d a b.c.d
B a.b.c.d a.b c.d
C a.b.c.d a.b.c d


Class A: Class A addresses are specified to networks with large number of total hosts. Class A allows for 126 networks by using the first octet for the network ID. The first bit in this octet, is always set and fixed to zero. And next seven bits in the octet is all set to one, which then complete network ID. The 24 bits in the remaining octets represent the hosts ID, allowing 126 networks and approximately 17 million hosts per network. Class A network number values begin at 1 and end at 127.

Class B: Class B addresses are specified to medium to large sized of networks. Class B allows for 16,384 networks by using the first two octets for the network ID. The two bits in the first octet are always set and fixed to 1 0. The remaining 6 bits, together with the next octet, complete network ID. The 16 bits in the third and fourth octet represent host ID, allowing for approximately 65,000 hosts per network. Class B network number values begin at 128 and end at 191.

Class C: Class C addresses are used in small local area networks (LANs). Class C allows for approximately 2 million networks by using the first three octets for the network ID. In class C address three bits are always set and fixed to 1 1 0. And in the first three octets 21 bits complete the total network ID. The 8 bits of the last octet represent the host ID allowing for 254 hosts per one network. Class C network number values begin at 192 and end at 223.

Class D and E: Classes D and E are not allocated to hosts. Class D addresses are used for multicasting, and class E addresses are not available for general use: they are reserved for future purposes.

Categories of UTP and Ethernet Cable Summary

Motorola Canopy Antenna

Canopy Wireless Broadband Platform

The Canopy^® system is the ideal technology for developing, enhancing and extending advanced broadband networks and services - and for making delivery of high-demand technologies like Internet access, voice over IP, video services, and security surveillance both much quicker and much less expensive.

Canopy broadband technology combines field-proven toughness with exceptional performance, security, ease-of-use and cost effectiveness. Available in frequencies from 900 MHz to 5 GHz, with an array of options and accessories, Canopy systems can be designed to make your business case a success.

Motorola Canopy systems are total broadband access solutions designed for extending networks wirelessly to provide broadband services to virtually any customer in virtually any environment. These systems provide wireless Ethernet connections which can be used to transport voice, video and data in channelized or unchannelized formats. Modules are available to support Line of Sight and Non-Line of Sight point-to-point links and point-to-multipoint last mile access solutions. With a broad array of Backhaul, Access Points and Subscriber Modules, these systems can be configured to meet the current and future needs of business and residential network users.

Service providers can enhance their customer base and revenues by extending their network to reach new business and residential subscribers beyond the reach of wireline broadband offerings.

• Complement existing broadband network to reach customers in new territories, whether adjacent to an existing network or a completely new region
• Offer wireless broadband services to existing subscribers currently using dial-up; alternative to other equipment like DSL and cable
• Extend network geography into new, underserved areas
• Rapidly mass-deployed, value-based broadband

source: http://www.motorola.com/statichtml/Canopy_Wireless_US-EN.html

Juniper Router

BX7000 Multi-Access Gateway

The BX7000 Multi-Access Gateway is part of Juniper Networks' backhaul solution, which addresses an operator's current operating expenditures and bandwidth challenges while preparing the way for future migration to 4G technologies. This solution includes Juniper's M Series Multiservice Edge Routers, MX Series Ethernet Services Routers, and JUNOScope Software. When deployed together, these products create a superior wireless network architecture.

CTP Series Circuit to Packet Platforms

The CTP Series Circuit to Packet Platforms provide the advanced network routing technology and features required to reliably transport TDM and circuit-based applications across next-generation IP networks.

E Series Broadband Services Routers

The E Series Broadband Services Routers play a critical role in the control, delivery, and accounting of services at the network edge.

J Series Services Routers

The J Series Services Routers offer a variety of flexible interfaces that deliver secure, reliable network routing to remote, branch, and regional offices.

JCS1200 Control System

The JCS1200 Control System allows you to independently scale control and forwarding planes to enable rapid service rollouts, lower costs, and enhance operational efficiencies.

M Series Multiservice Edge Routers

The M Series Multiservice Edge Routers combine IP/MPLS capabilities with unmatched reliability, stability, security, and service richness. These network routing platforms allow enterprises and service providers to consolidate multiple networks into a single IP/MPLS infrastructure.

MX Series Ethernet Services Routers

The MX Series Ethernet Services Routers provide high port-density network routing and switching for service providers and enterprises. Deployment applications include high-density Ethernet LAN and data center aggregation, data center core, metro Ethernet aggregation and core, and Ethernet services edge.

T Series Core Routers

The T Series Core Routers are the industry’s leading IP/MPLS core routing platform, scaling from 320 Gbps up to 1.6 Tbps in a single chassis, and up to 25 Tbps in a multi-chassis system.

source:http://www.juniper.net/us/en/products-services/routing/

Patch Panel

A patch panel or patch bay is a panel, typically rackmounted, that houses cable connections, or a mounted hardware unit containing an assembly of port locations in a communications or other electronic or electrical system. In a network, a patch panel serves as a sort of static switchboard, using cables to interconnect computers within the area of a local area network (LAN) and to the outside for connection to the Internet or other wide area network (WAN). A patch panel uses a sort of jumper cable called a patch cord to create each interconnection.

Information Outlets

In a telephone wiring system in a building, a connection device designed for a fixed location (usually on a wall) in which telephone wiring terminates; the outlet contains a female jack to receive a male plug that is inserted into it. Such outlets are used to connect a telephone, FAX, telephone answering machine, etc., to a telephone line.

Difference between ROUTER and SWITCH

A router is an electronic device in computer networking that forwards data packets to their destinations, based on their addresses (IP,MAC). The work a router does it called routing, which is somewhat like switching, but a router is different from a switch. The latter is simply a device to connect machines to form a LAN.




A switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments.

The term commonly refers to that processes and routes data at the (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or a network bridgedata link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layermultilayer switches.

The term network switch does not generally encompass unintelligent or passive network devices such as hubs and repeaters.

Consequently, these two differ in several ways:

• Router understand IP head, and switch deal with MAC address
• Router has its own IP address(es), and switch don’t
• Router has an operating system running inside, and allow administrator to login into the system.
• Router has an operating system running inside, and allow administrator to login into the system.
• You (network administrator) must configure routing table to make it works.
• You (network administrator) must configure routing table to make it works
• Switch is usually ready to use.
• Router has routing software running inside, including route discovery protocol.
• Routing software know how to deal with different IP packet, such as ICMP and other IP option functionality. Switches don’t.
• Multiple routers can be connected together as a network.
• You can’t directly multiple switches together to form a large network.